自2015年取消石油出口禁令以来，美国原油出口迄今增长了10倍
地缘政治冲突提振了欧洲对美国原油和石油产品的需求
美国石油衍生品合约正在被许多行业参与者用作对冲价格波动的工具
中国石化新闻网讯 据油价网2023年2月17日报道，2月早些时候，与得克萨斯州石油产量相关的石油掉期合约数量创下了新高。迄今为止，此类掉期交易的总数也创下了新纪录。据《华尔街日报》报道，今年晚些时候，布伦特原油合约将增加一种得克萨斯原油等级。美国石油价格正在上涨。
在第一次页岩革命期间，人们可能很少考虑美国会成为石油出口国。美国当时的目的是提高自给自足，看看能从鹰福特盆地和二叠纪盆地的页岩中开采出多少石油。
在第一次重创行业的经济衰退之后，生产商变得更加聪明。他们学会了用更少的成本提高产量。第二次页岩热潮开始后，就连华盛顿最大的孤立主义者也意识到，美国可能会再次成为石油出口国。石油出口禁令被解除以后，美国的原油开始销往世界各地。
上述这些进程使美国成为全球石油价格制定的一个因素，同时美国成为全球最大的石油生产国。欧佩克历史上第一次遇到了一个有实力的挑战者。这一变化如此巨大，以至于当时石油市场观察人士在媒体上发表了大量分析，声称欧佩克已被美国页岩产量扼杀。
虽然事实证明这是一个为时过早的说法，但美国在石油市场上的定价权无疑已显著增强。这一增强的意义主要体现在2022年，当时欧盟(EU)开始因地缘政治冲突而实施制裁，其中包括针对其石油行业的制裁。对于仍然耗能的欧盟来说，明显的替代选择是作为制裁盟友的美国所生产出的石油。
据《华尔街日报》报道，自2015年取消石油出口禁令以来，美国原油出口迄今增长了10倍，并在去年10月创下每日出口510万桶原油的历史新高。即使欧盟继续减少化石燃料的消耗，但强劲的进口趋势也可能会持续下去。
《华尔街日报》的报道指出，美国不仅仅把石油卖给贸易商和炼油商。美国石油衍生品合约正被许多业内人士用作对冲价格波动的工具，这进一步提升了美国原油和石油产品的重要性。
2021年，证券交易所运营商洲际交易所(ICE)和报告并提供基准价格评估的关键机构联合发布了一份白皮书，暗示布伦特原油综合体系需要更新。此次更新将包括在布伦特合约中增加另一种原油。两位竞争者分别是WTI轻质低硫原油（WTI Midland）和挪威的约翰斯维尔德鲁普原油。
根据两家公司公布的数据，两家公司最终选择了美国轻质低硫原油，因为它与原来的布伦特原油性质相似，后者的产量不再足够大，已无法单独发挥作用。
轻质低硫的得克萨斯原油似乎很受炼油商的欢迎。“欧洲炼油市场喜欢这种原油。亚洲炼油市场也喜欢这种原油。”其中一家机构的市场报告和交易解决方案主管如是告诉《华尔街日报》。
美国的石油无疑正在走向世界并决定价格。去年，由于实施制裁，美国对欧洲的石油出口飙升了70%。对亚洲的出口也在增加，1月份达到18.7万桶/天，为5个月来的最高水平。这可能是一个温和的数字，但如果亚洲炼油商的需求保持强劲，美国石油进口量很可能会进一步增加。欧佩克当然没有被扼杀，但它肯定有一个制定价格的竞争对手要考虑。
李峻 编译自 油价网
原文如下：
U.S. Influence>· Since the ban has been lifted>· The war has boosted demand for U.S. oil and oil products in Europe.
· U.S. oil-based derivative contracts are being used as a hedge against price volatility by many players in the industry.
Earlier this month, the number of oil swaps linked to oil produced in Texas hit a record. To date, the number of such swaps in total also sits at a record. Later this year, the Wall Street Journal reports, a Texas oil grade will be added to the Brent complex of crude contracts. U.S. oil is going places.
During the first shale revolution, there was probably hardly much thought about becoming an exporter of crude. The point at the time was to boost self-sufficiency and, really, see just how much oil>After the first downturn that bruised the industry quite painfully, producers got smarter. They learned to pump more with fewer expenses. The second shale boom unfolded, and even the biggest isolationists in Washington realized the U.S. could>These travels made the U.S. a factor in global oil price-setting just as it climbed up to the place of the world’s biggest oil producer. OPEC had a worthy challenger for the first time in its history. The change was so dramatic that oil market observers touring the media produced a mountain of analysis claiming that OPEC was dead, killed by U.S. shale.
While this proved to be a premature statement, the price-setting power of the United States>Since the ban has been lifted>The WSJ report notes that U.S. oil is not just being sold to traders and refiners. U.S. oil-based derivative contracts are being used as a hedge against price volatility by many players in the industry, further increasing the prominence of the product.
In 2021, ICE, the stock exchange operator, and S&P, which reports and provides assessments>The two eventually picked the WTI Midland because of its similar properties to the original Brent crude, which was no longer produced in large enough volumes to be able to matter>The light, sweet Texas crude appears to be well-liked by refiners. “The European refinery market loves that stuff. The Asian refinery market loves that stuff,” the head of market reporting and trading solutions at S&P Global Commodity Insights told the Wall Street Journal.
U.S. oil is definitely going places and setting prices. Last year, U.S. oil shipments to Europe soared by 70 percent because of the sanctions. Exports to Asia are also on the rise, hitting a five-month high in January at 187,000 barrels daily. This may be a modest amount, but if Asian refiners’ appetite stays strong, it could well grow further. OPEC is certainly not dead but it certainly has a price-setting competitor to reckon with.
