据油价网伦敦报道,一想到石油生产国,位于撒哈拉以南的安哥拉并不是一个容易浮现在人们脑海中的国家。这个极度贫困的前葡萄牙殖民地是欧佩克成员国之一,在2007年加入这个卡特尔。安哥拉在欧佩克中是仅次于尼日利亚和领先于同为卡特尔成员国阿尔及利亚的第二大石油生产国。这个撒哈拉以南的国家在2002年到2008年发现了大量的海上盐下石油储量后经历了一次大规模的石油繁荣。西非和南美边缘盆地被发现具有包括盐下构造-沉积序列、储层品质和原油等级等诸多共同特征。这些是蕴藏较小石油盆地和支撑安哥拉和巴西繁荣石油产业的地质构造。安哥拉的主要石油盆地是下刚果盆地、宽扎盆地、本格拉盆地和纳米贝盆地。
根据欧佩克公布的统计数据,安哥拉共拥有78亿桶探明石油储量和3430亿立方米天然气储量。最新的欧佩克月度石油市场报告显示,安哥拉2019年和2020年11月份分别平均日140万桶和接近120万桶石油,使其成为欧佩克第7大石油生产国,仅次于尼日利亚,领先于利比亚。在2020年上半年,安哥拉的石油产量超过了欧佩克+每日118万桶的产量配额。因此,到2020年年中前,欧佩克向安哥拉政府施加压力,要求其限制石油产量,并确保遵守商定的配额。截至2020年7月,罗安达已致函欧佩克,同意遵守该组织的限产目标,并实施额外的减产,以弥补未能遵守的情况。安哥拉的石油日产量从2020年3月峰值的140万桶下降到了12月的114.5万桶,比前一个月减少3%,比2019年的140万桶减少16%。石油产量的急剧下降导致安哥拉失去了市场份额,尤其失去了亚洲的市场份额。
尽管亚洲炼油商对轻质和中质原油(如安哥拉的卡宾达混合原油)的需求强劲增长,但安哥拉去年下半年对中国的石油出口大幅下降。据路透社报道,去年前11个月,安哥拉对亚洲的石油出口同比下降11%,至3800万吨,而巴西在此期间取代了安哥拉的市场份额,巴西出口亚洲的中质低硫原油——特别是卢拉原油和布基亚斯原油——数量飙升8%,达到4000多万吨。因此,安哥拉从2019年的亚洲第四大原油供应国跌至第五大原油供应国,落后于第四大的巴西。最新的2021年1月欧佩克加产量协议允许罗安达提高石油产量。安哥拉在2021年1月、2月和3月的平均石油日产量为126.7万桶,比之前的配额日增8.7万桶,比2020年12月日增11%。正是利雅得决定承担欧佩克+减产的负担,在2020年3月底之前将石油日产量再削减100万桶,这使得安哥拉和其他参与者(尤其是俄罗斯)得以扩大石油产量。
安哥拉海上油田的产量一直在加速下降。安哥拉国家碳氢化合物监管机构——安哥拉国家石油天然气生物燃料局(ANPG)预测,到2040年前,安哥拉石油产量将降至几乎为零。安哥拉经济对石油的依赖约占GDP的三分之一,占出口总额的90%以上,加之石油产量的迅速下降,安哥拉政府制定了提高探明石油储量和产量的战略。安哥拉主要海上油气盆地与巴西海上油气盆地在地质构造上的相似性表明,西非的石油潜力巨大。罗安达的2020年至2025年能源计划称,可采石油储量可能高达570亿桶,天然气储量为27万亿立方英尺。然而,关键是吸引投资,以及开发安哥拉巨大的海上石油资源所需的技术和专业知识。安哥拉政府计划的核心是吸引6.79亿美元的外国投资,并提供1.88亿美元的自有资金。这将刺激进一步的钻井活动。安哥拉近几年来钻井活动急剧下降,到2020年12月底,只有3部在用钻机。
在2020年12月底,作为安哥拉石油产业振兴规划的一部分,ANPG宣布拍卖9个陆上石油区块,3个位于下刚果盆地陆地部分的区块以及6个位于宽扎盆地陆地部的区块,招标将在今年6月9日结束。
安哥拉陆上石油区块拍卖
由于海上石油盆地与巴西巨大的盐下盆地具有共同的地质特征,安哥拉主要生产轻质和中质等级低硫原油。这个撒哈拉以南国家的主要国际等级混合原油被称为卡宾达原油,它是一种轻质特低硫原油,其API度为32,硫含量极低,为0.12%。这种混合原油与巴西的卢拉中质低硫原油和布基亚斯原油品种一样,API度分别为29和28,硫含量分别为0.27%和0.31%,特别适合精炼成高质量的极低硫含量燃料。自2020年1月引入IMO2020以来,亚洲对低硫轻质和中质原油的需求大幅飙升。IMO2020大大限制了船用燃料油的硫含量。
为了遵守欧佩克的生产配额,安哥拉减少了石油产量,这是该国市场份额下降和对外原油出口下降的原因。欧佩克最新的提高产量配额,加上重振安哥拉油气行业的计划,罗安达将增加石油储量、产量和市场份额,从而显著提振这个西非国家的经济。由于欧洲新冠病毒封锁和美国确证病例数迅速上升,中国是全球原油需求复苏的关键驱动力。这将使亚洲对安哥拉原油的进口不断增加,以及亚洲炼油商对更轻、更低硫原油等级的需求不断增长,这对推动对这个撒哈拉以南国家海上油田的投资至关重要。
李峻 编译自 油价网
原文如下:
Angola Looks To Replicate Brazil’s Offshore Oil Boom
The sub-Saharan country of Angola is not Angola are the offshore Lower Congo, Kwanza, Benguela and Namibe basins.
According to OPEC, Angola has proven oil reserves totaling 7.8 billion barrels and 343 billion cubic meters of natural gas. The latest OPEC Monthly Oil Market Report shows Angola produced Angola’s oil exports to Asia declined sharply during the second half of 2020, despite strong growing demand from Asian refiners for sweet light and medium crude oil grades, such as Angola’s Cabinda blend. According to news agency Reuters for the first 11 months of 2020 Angola’s oil exports to Asia declined by 11% year over year to 38 million tonnes. It was Brazil which was responsible for taking Angola’s market share with imports of its sweet medium grade crude oil varieties, notably Lula and Buzios, soaring 8% to just over 40 million tonnes. As a result, Angola was Asia’s fifth ranked supplier of crude oil, falling from fourth place in 2019, behind Brazil which took fourth place. The latest January 2021 OPEC Plus production agreement allows Luanda to boost oil production. Angola is authorized to pump Angola has been experiencing accelerating decline rates at its offshore oilfields. The national hydrocarbon regulator, the Agencia Nacional de Petroleo, Gas e Biocombustives (ANPG), predicted that oil production would fall to virtually zero by 2040. Those rapidly rising decline rates coupled with Angola’s economic dependence At the end of December 2020, as part of the plan to reinvigorate Angola’s oil industry, the national hydrocarbon regulator announced the auction (Portuguese) of nine Angola Angola, because of the shared geological characteristics of its offshore oil basins with Brazil’s vast pre-salt basins, produces predominantly light and medium grade sweet crude oil. The sub-Sharan country’s key internationally graded crude oil blend is known as Cabinda. It is a light especially sweet crude oil with an API gravity of 32 degrees and an extremely low sulfur content of 0.12%. This blend like Brazil’s sweet medium Lula and Búzios crude oil varieties, which have API gravities of 29 degrees and 28 degrees and sulfur contents of 0.27% and 0.31% respectively, is particularly suited to refining into high quality extremely low sulfur content fuels. Asian demand for sweet light and medium grade crude oils has soared since the introduction of IMO2020, which significantly limits the sulfur content of marine bunker fuel, was introduced in January 2020.
It was Angola’s reduced petroleum output, to comply with OPEC production quotas, that was responsible for the country’s market share and crude oil exports to Asia declining. The latest increased OPEC production quota coupled with Luanda’s plans to reinvigorate Angola’s hydrocarbon sector will boost oil reserves, production and market share giving the west African country’s economy a significant lift. Asia, which is the world’s second-ranked economy and largest manufacturer, is a key driver of a recovery in crude oil demand because of new COVID-19 lockdowns in Europe and a rapidly rising U.S. case count. That will make rising Chinese imports of Angolan crude, along with growing demand for lighter sweeter crude oil grades from Asian refiners, crucial to driving investment in the sub-Saharan country’s offshore oil fields.





